14 February 2018

Marvel Music And Hollywood Records Present Marvel Studios' Black Panther Original Motion Picture Score Soundtrack

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Marvel Studios Black Panther Original Motion Picture score soundtrack artwork
Marvel Studios Black Panther Original Motion Picture score soundtrack artwork
Marvel Music/Hollywood Records are releasing the digital album of the Black Panther score, composed by Grammy®-nominated composer and songwriter Ludwig Göransson, on February 16, 2018.   
The film is directed by Ryan Coogler and produced by Kevin Feige with Louis D'Esposito, Victoria Alonso, Nate Moore, Jeffrey Chernov and Stan Lee serving as executive producers. Ryan Coogler & Joe Robert Cole wrote the screenplay.  Marvel Studios' "Black Panther" hits U.S. theaters on February 16, 2018.   
"Black Panther" marks Göransson's third collaboration with director Ryan Coogler ("Creed," "Fruitvale Station").  The Swedish-born composer wrote the original songs for "Creed" and has also produced albums for Childish Gambino, Haim, and Chance the Rapper.
Göransson recorded the score in London with a 132-piece western classical orchestra, African percussionists and a 40-person choir. Göransson said, "After reading Ryan's first draft of the script, I quickly realized that the only way I could properly score 'Black Panther' was to travel to Africa to record, research and learn from as many musicians I could find. I was introduced to Senegal's most incredible musicians and storytellers, and from there it all started to come together.  One of the instruments that especially caught my attention was the talking drum, which together with West African sabar drums and ceremonial rhythms, became the foundation for the score."
Göransson infused a wide array of African instrumentation into the score and character themes.  Speaking about the score's creation, Göransson notes: "The talking drum is used for T'Challa's main theme, with one hit per syllable of his name played on the drum."  For Erik Killmonger's theme, the name was sung and screamed into a fula flute to convey the "musical interpretation of the character's ferocity."   Sabar drums were used to "propel the story and to highlight both the country of Wakanda and T'Challa's movements, especially in his fight scenes."  Sabar drums are used in traditional African wrestling "making them perfect for the action scenes."
Göransson's biggest challenge was to blend a western classical orchestra and modern production with traditional African rhythms and harmonies.  He adds, "Together with Ryan Coogler, we worked out new ways of combining the three elements into something traditionally authentic and truly unique, that I hope embodies the heart and soul of Wakanda."

About Marvel Studios' "Black Panther"
Black Panther  - Poster
Black Panther  - Poster
Marvel Studios' "Black Panther" follows T'Challa who, after the death of his father, the King of Wakanda, returns home to the isolated, technologically advanced African nation to succeed to the throne and take his rightful place as king. But when a powerful old enemy reappears, T'Challa's mettle as king—and Black Panther—is tested when he is drawn into a formidable conflict that puts the fate of Wakanda and the entire world at risk. Faced with treachery and danger, the young king must rally his allies and release the full power of Black Panther to defeat his foes and secure the safety of his people and their way of life.
"Black Panther" stars Chadwick BosemanMichael B. JordanLupita Nyong'o, Danai GuriraMartin Freeman, Daniel Kaluuya, Letitia WrightWinston Duke, with Angela Bassett, with Forest Whitaker, and Andy Serkis.
              
The Trailer:
SOURCE: Marvel Music/Hollywood Records

13 February 2018

From Trailer Parks to the White House

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From Trailer Parks to the White House
From Trailer Parks to the White House
As recent headlines of alleged domestic violence by top White House officials demonstrate, abusive behavior transcends all socio-economic lines. Dr. Laura Streyffeler's book, Wife Beater Shirt Optional, reveals that abuse is not limited by social or economic class, age, race, gender, or sexual orientation. Using real life examples and frank discussions, the author pulls the reader into the minds and behaviors of both victims and abusers.  
The book introduces you to an upper middle class woman who denied being a victim of domestic violence because in her mind, real victims "live in trailer parks and their husbands wear 'wifebeater shirts'." 
This book explains why there is no dress code for domestic violence. Dr. Laura Streyffeler addresses the many myths and misperceptions about domestic abuse and violence.
Recent headlines of sexual abuse in the entertainment industry is another example of abuse of power.  Dr. Streyffeler's book discusses the dynamics of power and control, the various types of abuse and the resulting trauma.  
A trending question is "Why is it taking victims so long to come forward?" Dr. Streyffeler's book provides the answer to this question and many more.
"Wife Beater Shirt Optional
By Laura Streyffeler, Ph.D., LMHC 

Hardcover | 5.5 x 8.5 in | 154 pages | ISBN 9781504388238 
Softcover | 5.5 x 8.5 in | 154 pages | ISBN 9781504388214 
E-Book | 154 pages | ISBN 9781504388221

Available at Amazon and Barnes & Noble

About the Author:
Dr. Laura Streyffeler
Dr. Laura Streyffeler (via Psychology Today)
Laura Streyffeler, Ph.D., LMHC, is a licensed mental health counselor and a board certified expert in traumatic stress and in domestic violence and forensic counseling. Streyffeler maintains a psychotherapy practice while providing professional trainings and serving as an expert witness in domestic and sexual violence and other trauma related court cases.

SOURCE:  Dr. Laura Streyffeler, WBSO LLC

12 February 2018

To Amber Rudd: Shut Down Nazi Websites On UK Soil [Petition]

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Amber Rudd - UK Home Secretary
Amber Rudd - UK Home Secretary (via EU Today)
The following is an email I've received earlier from our friends at HOPE Not Hate... As usual, feel free to read it and act accordingly.

Thanks in advance.

Stay safe!

Loup Dargent

The web content of NS131, a neo-Nazi organisation that celebrated the murder of Jo Cox MP, is being stored in London and Manchester.
The web content of NS131, a neo-Nazi organisation that celebrated the murder of Jo Cox MP (above), is being stored in London and Manchester. (via The Guardian)
The Email:
"Loup,
Some big news just in from our research team: violent, neo-Nazi and terrorist websites are being stored illegally on UK soil.

Cloudflare, a big US web company, is storing the website of at least one banned terrorist organisation - NS131 - right here in London and Manchester. This might breach hate crime and Holocaust denial laws, it is definitely unethical, and it goes against Government calls for firms to clamp down on hate speech online.

NS131 is so hateful the government banned it in 2016 -- it's even accused of ties to a plot to kill a Labour MP. We've always thought that, by hosting their hatred in the US, these extremists were beyond the reach of the UK authorities. But now we might have a chance to hurt these Nazi groups' ability to promote their vile views.

This news is a HOPE not hate exclusive, and it's not widely known -- yet. So we need you to break this story. It'll take as many of us as possible adding our names to a petition to call on the Home Secretary to investigate and shut down this loophole. Add yours now: 

Sign the petition
Cloudflare sells websites a protective shield that blocks them from attacks. NS131 is just one of its clients which include some of the most violent, extreme, and illegal organisations in the world, and it's storing them in our backyard.

Until now, our government's hands are tied because far-right groups hide websites "offshore" in the US, where hate laws are lax. The revelation that many are kept closer to home in the UK is game-changing.

This government has already banned NS131, so she shouldn't take too much convincing to eradicate this cyberspace loophole if HOPE not hate supporters get it out in the open.

Sign the petition to Amber Rudd now: launch a full-scale investigation into the practices of Cloudflare's website protection services and immediately shut down websites that store illegal and extremist content on servers in the UK.

Thanks,
The HOPE not hate team"

The 'Mandela Effect' And How Your Mind Is Playing Tricks On You

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(Image via Shutterstock)
By Neil Dagnall, Manchester Metropolitan University and Ken Drinkwater, Manchester Metropolitan University


Have you ever been convinced that something is a particular way only to discover you’ve remembered it all wrong? If so, it sounds like you’ve experienced the phenomenon known as the Mandela Effect.

This form of collective misremembering of common events or details first emerged in 2010, when countless people on the internet falsely remembered Nelson Mandela was dead. It was widely believed he had died in prison during the 1980s. In reality, Mandela was actually freed in 1990 and passed away in 2013 – despite some people’s claims they remember clips of his funeral on TV.

Paranormal consultant Fiona Broome coined the term “Mandela Effect” to explain this collective misremembering, and then other examples started popping up all over the internet. For instance, it was wrongly recalled that C-3PO from Star Wars was gold, actually one of his legs is silver. Likewise, people often wrongly believe that the Queen in Snow White says, “Mirror, mirror on the wall”. The correct phrase is “magic mirror on the wall”.

Broome explains the Mandela Effect via pseudoscientific theories. She claims that differences arise from movement between parallel realities (the multiverse). This is based on the theory that within each universe alternative versions of events and objects exist.

Broome also draws comparisons between existence and the holodeck of the USS Enterprise from Star Trek. The holodeck was a virtual reality system, which created recreational experiences. By her explanation, memory errors are software glitches. This is explained as being similar to the film The Matrix.

Other theories propose that the Mandela Effect evidences changes in history caused by time travellers. Then there are the claims that distortions result from spiritual attacks linked to Satan, black magic or witchcraft. But although appealing to many, these theories are not scientifically testable.

Where’s the science?
Psychologists explain the Mandela Effect via memory and social effects – particularly false memory. This involves mistakenly recalling events or experiences that have not occurred, or distortion of existing memories. The unconscious manufacture of fabricated or misinterpreted memories is called confabulation. In everyday life confabulation is relatively common.

False memories occur in a number of ways. For instance, the Deese-Roediger and McDermott paradigm demonstrates how learning a list of words that contain closely related items – such as “bed” and “pillow” – produces false recognition of related, but non presented words – such as “sleep”.

There’s a theory online that nuclear research experiments caused the world to shift into an alternate reality where Donald Trump became president
There’s a theory online that nuclear research experiments caused the world to shift into an alternate reality where Donald Trump became president.(Shutterstock)

Memory inaccuracy can also arise from what’s known as “source monitoring errors”. These are instances where people fail to distinguish between real and imagined even. US professor of psychology, Jim Coan, demonstrated how easily this can happen using the “Lost in the Mall” procedure.

This saw Coan give his family members short narratives describing childhood events. One, about his brother getting lost in a shopping mall, was invented. Not only did Coan’s brother believe the event occurred, he also added additional detail. When cognitive psychologist and expert on human memory, Elizabeth Loftus, applied the technique to larger samples, 25% of participants failed to recognise the event was false.

Incorrect recall
When it comes to the Mandela Effect, many examples are attributable to so called “schema driven errors”. Schemas are organised “packets” of knowledge that direct memory. In this way, schemas facilitate understanding of material, but can produce distortion.

Frederic Bartlett outlined this process in his 1932 book Remembering. Barlett read the Canadian Indian folktale “War of the Ghosts” to participants. He found that listeners omitted unfamiliar details and transformed information to make it more understandable.

This process is called “effort after meaning” and occurs in real world situations too. For instance, research has previously shown how when participants recall the contents of a psychologist’s office they tend to remember the consistent items such as bookshelves, and omit the inconsistent items – like a picnic basket.

The pseudoscientific belief puts differences between memories and the real world down to glitches caused by time travel.
The pseudoscientific belief puts differences between memories and the real world down to glitches caused by time travel. (Pexels)

Schema theory explains why previous research shows that when the majority of participants are asked to draw a clock face from memory, they mistakenly draw IV rather than IIII. Clocks often use IIII because it is more attractive.

Other examples of the Mandela Effect are the mistaken belief that Uncle Pennybags (Monopoly man) wears a monocle, and that the product title “KitKat” contains a hyphen (“Kit-Kat”). But this is simply explained by over-generalisation of spelling knowledge.

Back to reality
Frequently reported errors can then become part of collective reality. And the internet can reinforce this process by circulating false information. For example, simulations of the 1997 Princess Diana car crash are regularly mistaken for real footage.

In this way then, the majority of Mandela Effects are attributable to memory errors and social misinformation. The fact that a lot of the inaccuracies are trivial, suggests they result from selective attention or faulty inference.

The ConversationThis is not to say that the Mandela Effect is not explicable in terms of the multiverse. Indeed, the notion of parallel universes is consistent with the work of quantum physicists. But until the existence of alternative realities is established, psychological theories appear much more plausible.

About Today's Contributors:
Neil Dagnall, Reader in Applied Cognitive Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University and Ken Drinkwater, Senior Lecturer and Researcher in Cognitive and Parapsychology, Manchester Metropolitan University


This article was originally published on The Conversation


Bonus Videos:




11 February 2018

UAE Launches Seed Grants to Support New Research into Space Settlement & Space Habitation

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Settlement Challenge Fact Sheet (PRNewsfoto/Dubai Future Foundation)
In its commitment to accelerating global space exploration activities, the UAE launches the Space Settlement Challenge; a dedicated seed grant fund that supports ambitious projects from all areas of research pursuing ideas and concepts to unlock the future of human space habitation. The challenge aims to attract brilliant minds from all around the world regardless of discipline, background, or origin. 
The UAE has announced a dedicated seed grant of AED2 million (approximately 500,000 euro) towards the Space Settlement Challenge. The funds will be used to bankroll proposals that explore novel ideas and develop new business models for living and working in space. 

The Challenge will solicit project proposals from diverse disciplines through a next-generation platform called "Guaana", whose innovative model dramatically reduces the time and effort required to fund seed ideas.
The Space Settlement Challenge is the first project of the newly established Mohammed Bin Rashed Centre for Accelerated Research, an initiative of the Dubai Future Foundation (DFF).
Dubai Future Foundation's CEO Khalfan Belhoul said: "The UAE has set itself on an ambitious path to lead the global space race, establishing the first city on Mars as per the 2117 Mars Project. Space research is the logical next step in humanity's search for knowledge and survival, and an advanced means to preserve human cultures, societies and economies. The Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Settlement Challenge we are launching today is designed to provide support for creative minds, unconventional ideas, innovative designs and research."
The space challenge is composed of three categories, the first of which revolves around Space Settlement - aims to develop plans for locations that could support a thriving sustainable settlement in space accommodating at least 100 people. It explores matters like construction automation, power, food, water, heating and cooling, all the while taking the human factor into consideration.
The second category - Terraforming & Space Ecology - looks into creating livable long-term environments, formulating strategies for the responsible terraforming of off-planet bodies near the Moon, Mars, asteroids and other orbital habitats.
The third category- Economics, Business Model & Governance - seeks to develop business plans for optimal economics and resource utilization, writing scenarios that identify private-sector partners interested in conducting commercial activities in space. The challenge also seeks to ensure good governance by proposing national policies that promote society's awareness of peaceful settlement in space.
Application is open from February 10, 2018, for a month on: mbrspacechallenge.ae
SOURCE: Dubai Future Foundation
The Video:


10 February 2018

Stitcher Brings Marvel's Wolverine To SXSW

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Wolverine: The Long Night
Wolverine: The Long Night
Stitcher, one of the world's leading podcast platforms, is making a major play at South by Southwest (SXSW) next month as it showcases some of its top podcast stars and sponsors the festival's Next Stage series of programming.
Festival goers will enjoy an exclusive first listen of "Wolverine: The Long Night," the long-awaited podcast collaboration between Stitcher and Marvel, ahead of the series' premiere during a panel that answers the question, "What does a superhero sound like?"
"Wolverine: The Long Night" - The first scripted podcast from Marvel, starring Celia Keenan-Bolger and Ato Essandoh as Agents Pierce and Marshall, with Richard Armitage as Wolverine
(Image via We Are Geeks Of Color)
Actor Richard Armitage ("The Hobbit"), the voice of Logan for the series, will join in conversation with the series' writer, award-winning comic book author Ben PercyDan Silver, vice president, head of platforms and content for Marvel New Media; and Jenny Radelet, Stitcher's head of content. 
The session takes place at 3:30 p.m. Sunday, March 11 at the Next Stage.
"Wolverine: The Long Night" is a 10-episode scripted series that is a hybrid of mystery and the larger-scale fantasy of the Marvel Universe. 

More About "Wolverine: The Long Night":
(via wolverinepodcast.com)
Following a string of mysterious deaths in Burns, Alaska, Special Agents Sally Pierce and Tad Marshall arrive to investigate. They soon find there’s more going on than meets the eye. The first scripted podcast from Marvel, starring Celia Keenan-Bolger and Ato Essandoh as Agents Pierce and Marshall, with Richard Armitage as Wolverine. Also featuring Scott Adsit, Bob Balaban, Zoe Chao, Andrew Keenan-Bolger, and Brian Stokes Mitchell.
The Trailer:
⏩ Stitcher is the sponsor of the Next Stage, which showcases a diverse lineup of panels and performances March 11-14 in the Austin Convention Center.
SXSW Trade Show 2017
SXSW Trade Show 2017 - Photo by Merrick Ales

About SXSW:
SXSW dedicates itself to helping creative people achieve their goals. Founded in 1987 in Austin, Texas, SXSW is best known for its conference and festivals that celebrate the convergence of the interactive, film and music industries. 
The event, an essential destination for global professionals, features sessions, showcases, screenings, exhibitions and a variety of networking opportunities. SXSW proves that the most unexpected discoveries happen when diverse topics and people come together. 
SXSW 2018 will take place March 9-18, 2018. SXSW 2018 is sponsored by Capital One, Mercedes-Benz, Bud Light and The Austin Chronicle.

9 February 2018

Becoming Beast: Marvel's New Black Panther Movie Has A Surprising Medieval Connection

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Black Panther
Black Panther (Image.net)
By Lydia Zeldenrust, University of York


Black Panther looks to be another hit for Marvel. The film has been highly anticipated, not least because it is a milestone in cinema with a black lead superhero starring alongside a majority black cast.

The film tells the story of T'Challa, who grapples with his new role as king of the technologically advanced, fictional African nation of Wakanda. He also happens to be a badass warrior who runs around in a bulletproof catsuit with retractable claws.

Humans with the heightened senses and enhanced strength and agility of animals, have become a staple feature of the comic book genre. But what makes Black Panther different from Spiderman or Wolverine is that his abilities are not the result of genetic mutation or technological augmentation. Though his suit is advanced technology, T'Challa’s abilities come from a magical herb and his mystical connection with a Panther god.

Considering these supernatural origins, Black Panther has interesting echoes with medieval tales of humans who take on the appearance and characteristics of beasts. And just like Black Panther, in these tales, getting closer to the animal doesn’t make someone less than human – but superhuman.

These are not the usual stories of fear that the animal inside will overwhelm the human, but of humans still in control of their faculties when they become the beast.

Medieval werewolves
Surely the most famous example of humans with the skins of beasts is the werewolf. Medieval werewolves differ from later versions, as they are often sympathetic heroes rather than dangerous adversaries.

Take Melion, one of King Arthur’s knights. His transformation, with the help of an enchanted ring, is portrayed not as problematic, but as a loving gesture. Melion becomes a werewolf because he believes this will save his wife. Only in wolf form is he able to hunt down the stag she claims she must eat or she will die. The real foe in this story is the wife, as she takes her husband’s becoming a wolf as the perfect excuse to elope with another man.



Another heroic werewolf appears in the romance Guillaume de Palerne. This wolf saves the four-year-old prince Guillaume from his uncle’s plot to poison him and take the throne. The werewolf continues to take care of Guillaume well into adulthood, probably because the two have much in common. The beast is also a prince, Alfonso, whose enchantment is the result of another family struggle over the throne.

Both tales show how there remains a human inside the beast. Melion continues to think rationally and feel human emotions while in wolf form. When at court, the wolf shows civilised behaviour, even drinking wine instead of water.

Alfonso might look like a dangerous animal, but he is highly intelligent and has self-control. His civilised, human nature shines through, for instance, when he feeds Guillaume processed food like bread and wine instead of raw meat. And when Alfonso does hunt, it is a sign of his intelligence, as he gets deer skins they can use as a disguise while they are on the run.

Humans in animal skins
Melion and Alfonso have enhanced abilities, too – they are stronger, faster, and often more intelligent than humans – but the beast never takes over. Though their bodies change, their identity remains stable.

T'Challa is the Black Panther – a righteous king, noble Avenger, and fearsome warrior
T'Challa is the Black Panther – a righteous king, noble Avenger, and fearsome warrior. (Art by Gabriele Dell'Otto)

Even when the wolves threaten to lose control and act violently against humans, these acts are presented as reasonable and understandable. This is because the main victim of such violence is someone who hurt them. Alfonso growls at the stepmother who enchanted him, and Melion attacks the man his wife left him for.

We are meant to see this not as a loss of control, but the only way someone stuck in a wolf skin can let others know of their plight, since they can no longer speak. Alfonso in particular finds out that when he gestures with his paws, the humans only give him a puzzled look – an interesting comment on the limits of communication across species.

Enhanced humans?
In both tales, it is this uncharacteristic beastly behaviour that leads to the discovery that the wolves are enchanted humans, and their return to human form. But not all medieval stories end with a fairy tale like resolve where the animal becomes human again.

Melusine takes care of her children while in half-animal form
Melusine takes care of her children while in half-animal form. (Wikimedia Commons)

A case in point is Melusine, a woman cursed to turn into a half serpent once a week. After discovering her part-animal form, Melusine’s husband chooses to see his wife as a beast rather than a fellow human being, condemning her to become a serpent for all time. But as with the werewolves, Melusine remains human inside her dragon-like suit – though with the added bonus of being able to fly.

The ConversationWhat all this shows is that humans with the abilities of animals are certainly not an idea first invented in comic books. But like Black Panther, these medieval stories are about a fusion of human and animal characteristics rather than strict hybridity – highlighting the potential advantages of becoming beast. As a reader or viewer, we are invited to imagine what it may be like to be an animal – but while the human inside remains unchanged.

About Today's Contributor:
Lydia Zeldenrust, Associate Lecturer in Medieval Literature, University of York


This article was originally published on The Conversation

Bonus Pictures:
Black Panther Conqueror
Black Panther Conqueror (via DeviantArt.com)
Black Panther
Black Panther (via DeviantArt.com)
Captain America : Civil War - Black Panther
Captain America : Civil War - Black Panther (via DeviantArt.com)

Survey: How Does Money Affect Relationships and Does It Impact Who We're Attracted To? NFEC Conducts a Pre-Valentine's Day Poll to Find Out

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money and relationships
(Image via Pixabay)
So what impact does money have on your romantic relationships? The National Financial Educators Council was curious, so they asked 2,644 people across the US survey questions related to money and relationships.
The goals of the surveys were to get a better understanding around these 3 areas: how people felt money affected their romantic relationships, whether we are attracted to financially similar people, and the general tone of financial conversations with our significant others.
See the full results of the surveys conducted between February 6th – 8th 2018 by visiting: financialeducatorscouncil.org/money-and-relationships.

To better understand whether respondents were attracted to partners with similar financial mindsets, the NFEC received feedback from 857 respondents on the question, "In my most recent romantic relationship, we shared money attitudes and habits that were…The results:
  • 39.4% answered 'very similar'.
  • 26.7% answered 'somewhat similar'.
  • 9.8% answered 'neither similar nor different'.
  • 11.6% answered 'somewhat different'.
  • 12.5% answered 'very different'.
⏩ Do opposites attract or are we attracted to those like us? Well, according to the initial results, the conclusion is people are attracted to those with very similar financial behaviors with over 66% answering 'similar' and 'very similar'.
To assess the overall impact of money on relationships, the NFEC asked 893 people, "Money has affected my past and current romantic relationships mostly in a..."  The results:
  • 24.7% selected these choices: 'very positive way' (10.3%) and 'positive way' (14.4%).
  • 19.1% selected these choices: 'negative way' (12.2%) and 'very negative way' (6.9%).
"I'm not shocked with the results of this question," states Scott Bown, CFEI, CFP(R). "While many of my clients state the top goal is to improve their finances, deeper into the interview process true motivations become apparent – the root motivation is often to improve relationships with their significant other."
To get a general sense of the tone of our personal finance conversations with significant others, the NFEC received 894 responses to the question, "In my past and current romantic relationships, discussions about money generally have had a…"  The results:
  • 39.6% responded discussions had a 'very positive tone' (24.7%) and a 'somewhat positive tone' (14.9%).
  • 20.3% responded discussions had a 'somewhat negative tone' (14.5%) and a 'very negative tone' (5.8%).
This question was designed to assess the overall tone of such conversations to better understand the intensity of money discussions between romantic partners. The NFEC is currently conducting supply-side research on this topic with financial coaches – the data will be released over Financial Literacy Month (April 2018).  
"The impact of money is greater than just dollars and cents – it impacts many areas of our lives. These studies demonstrate that money is having a direct impact on people's romantic relationships; unfortunately, for many respondents it is a negative impact. We encourage people to work toward a more secure financial future together and keep the lines of communication open when it comes to money," states Vince Shorb, NFEC's CEO.
⏩ This Valentine's Day survey is the first conducted by the NFEC that is centered around relationships and money. The NFEC and collaborators are conducting an ongoing series of research exploring financial education, attitudes, behaviors, and wellness on a person's romantic relationships.   

SOURCE: National Financial Educators Council

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